It emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the air and if there is an object or obstacle on its path It will bounce back to the module. Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound you can calculate the distance. The HC–SR04 Ultrasonic Module has 4 pins, Ground, VCC, Trig and Echo.
The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR and RADAR system which is used to determine the distance to an object. An ultrasonic sensor generates the high-frequency sound (ultrasound) waves. When this ultrasound hits the object, it reflects as echo which is sensed by the receiver .
